Mulberries are a natural food with a low glycemic index that will not raise your blood sugars so they can benefit you in many ways. The leaves are ovately shaped and may be lobed or unlobed. The extract also neutralized the edema, hemorrhage, and myonecrotic activities of the venom. White mulberry leaves are used in animal feed for sheep, goats, and cattle.5 Mulberries are used in syrup preparations as well as to flavor and color medicine: in Chinese markets, mulberry is mixed with various herb combinations to cure or treat conditions such as productive cough, fever, irritability, superficial edema related to urinary problems, and diabetes.2, 6, Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, minerals, and vitamins have been isolated from white mulberry.7, On a dry-weight basis, white mulberry leaves contain 15% to 30% protein, 2% to 8% fat, 10% to 14% crude fiber, 28% to 44% dietary fiber, and 11% to 17% ash content.7 The proteins in mulberry leaves are used with wheat flour to make bread in India. Traditional uses and benefits of White mulberry. Avoid use during pregnancy and lactation due to lack of clinical data. White Mulberry Leaf Extract produced by BioGanix contains the following active ingredients: White Mulberry Leaf Extract (Morus Alba) [standardized to 1% alkaloids (1-deoxynojirimycin), 15% flavonoids (quercetin and isoquercetin)]. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Oku T, Yamada M, Nakamura M, et al. The fruit is white to pinkish in color, in contrast to red or black in most other Morus species.1, 2 Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:4208-13. A total of 10 mineral elements were identified in white mulberry fruits, with potassium having the highest concentration.13 Several alkaloids and amino acids have been isolated.14 The fruit is also rich in anthocyanins, which may be used for commercial production as a natural red food colorant.15. The dose of mulberry leaf extract used in these trials was one gram before meals. Morus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, consists of diverse species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. White Mulberry Leaf Extract Ingredients. Mulberry leaf powder is an up-and-coming superfood, ground from the antioxidant-rich leaves of the white mulberry tree. Da Villa G, Ianiro G, Mangiola F, et al. White Mulberry Leaf Extract Benefits for diabetes is a great choice to help you with your blood sugars and overall general health. It is native to eastern Asia, and introduced in North America. This isn’t carte blanche to binge on sweets and desserts. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product. White Mulberry leaves are 3-4 inches in length. Traditional uses and benefits of White mulberry. View abstract. The powdered leaves of white mulberry seem to lower, Prediabetes. The pollen extract may cause airborne-contact urticaria.2 Patients with nasobronchial allergies may be sensitive to the pollen extract.70 One clinical study found that some patients experienced mild diarrhea, dizziness, constipation, and bloating.37, No deaths were associated with 2, 5, and 10 g/kg doses in animal toxicity studies. Andallu B, Suryakantham V, Lakshmi Srikanthi B, Reddy GK. 3. Inhibitory effects of extractives from leaves of Morus alba on human and rat small intestinal disaccharidase activity. Constipation 6. Emblica extract is a strong antioxidant with a lot of Vitamin C and antimicrobial properties. Effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) therapy on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Naturally Caffeine free. These powerful anti-inflammatory properties may help with some chronic illnesses. in the kidney of diabetic rat and impart beneficial effect. Wattanathorn J, Somboonporn W, Sungkamanee S, Thukummee W, Muchimapura S. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial evaluating the effect of polyphenol-rich herbal congee on bone turnover markers of the perimenopausal and menopausal women. The mulberry leaf is a pure extract that is standardized to 1% alkaloids and 15% flavonoids. But the leaf of the mulberry tea can be just as useful. Mulberry contains arbutin, a compound that helps lighten the skin, making it fairer. Morus alba, known as white mulberry, common mulberry and silkworm mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10â20 m (33â66 ft) tall. White mulberry may also increase the side effects of cholesterol-lowering medications and should also be used with caution in patients using benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or antidepressants. In the 19th century, the white mulberry tree was brought to North America with the intention to boost the silk industry. The same effect also shows the tea prepared from mulberry leaves.. Scientific data from research conducted in the United States, India, France, and Asia’s top … WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Promising research suggests that mulberry leaf powder may lower blood sugar and high cholesterol. We explore the health benefits of white mulberry fruit and white mulberry leaf extract. White Mulberry Fights Arterial Plaque and Cholesterol* One of the most remarkable benefits of White Mulberry is the reduction of bad cholesterol. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and moist, low hillsides. (check all that apply), What factors are most important to you? doi: 10.3390/molecules24071425. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.© Therapeutic Research Faculty . This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. White mulberry is a fast-growing, deciduous tree with alternate, toothy leaves. Diabetes. Interestingly, it was mulberry ⦠It helps to boost your immune system and can be effective in clearing away fever, sore throat, cough, and runny nose. Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals with Morus alba on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in dyslipidemic subjects. Check the #1 Best-Selling Weight Loss Supplement. 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed! Select one or more newsletters to continue. The genus Morus is widely distributed throughout the world. White Mulberry Fights Arterial Plaque and Cholesterol* One of the most remarkable benefits of White Mulberry is the reduction of bad cholesterol. It is planted widely for wildlife, and may have a tendency to escape from gardens. In mild dyslipidemia, 1 g of white mulberry leaf tablets (1.3 mg of DNJ) 3 times a day before meals has been used. The researchers tested mulberry leaf extract with 76 pre-diabetes patients with blood sugar control problems. This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. One of the traditional uses of mulberry leaves and mulberry leaf tea is to reduce inflammation. It is a ⦠A test-tube study on white blood cells revealed that white mulberry leaf and its tea reduced inflammatory proteins. But the leaf of the mulberry tea can be just as useful. The leaf extracts may also inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases, protein expression and phosphorylation, and signaling pathways in rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.31, Dietary consumption of white mulberry leaf (containing quercetin) reduced atherosclerotic lesion development in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient mice by increasing LDL resistance to oxidative modification.32 Supplementation of white mulberry methanol root bark extract (500 mg/kg/day for 15 days) in cholesterol-fed rats resulted in decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides and improved high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C).33 White mulberry fruit extracts also improved the lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats34 and in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet.35 The hypolipidemic activity is associated with enhanced hepatic LDL receptor expression, which improves clearance of LDL and decreases lipid biosynthesis. A study conducted by French researchers in 2010 found that hydroquinone could be the direct cause of cell carcinoma. White mulberry is available in numerous dosage forms and is also marketed to maintain healthy blood sugar levels and to support cardiovascular health. This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. The researchers tested adult volunteers by giving them either a placebo or mulberry leaf extract for 12 weeks. It is also nicknamed Egyptian mulberry, Chinese mulberry, Mon tea, Sang Zhe (a term used in traditional herbal medicine in China) and Russian mulberry. Each of these leaves has a distorted edge i.e. Anxiety 2. No human clinical data are available regarding the anticancer activity of white mulberry. The mulberry leaf extract has proven to be effective in slowing down the progression of ATHEROSCLEROSIS, which is the buildup of cholesterol plaque around arteries. White mulberry leaf is also good in case you come down with a cold. The medical literature includes numerous references for white mulberry use in atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. Please donât overdo it. If the leaf is densely hairy, it comes from a paper mulberry tree. Hypersensitivity to any of the components of white mulberry. In vitro antileukaemic activity of extracts from chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx] Elliott) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves against sensitive and multidrug resistant HL60 cells. Because tyrosinase is a key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis, tyrosinase inhibitors may improve the appearance of skin by preventing the overproduction of melanin.7 Betulinic acid from white mulberry extracts was shown to have anti-inflammatory and antityrosinase activity.50, 51 A white mulberry leaf methanol extract containing mulberroside F inhibited tyrosinase activity and exhibited superoxide scavenging activity.52, A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (n=50) found administration of topical 75% mulberry extract (in coconut oil base) to hyperpigmented facial lesions a safe and effective treatment in lightening melasma (P<0.05). Colds 5. 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed! the outline of the leave is not smooth and has pointed projections that aren’t sharp at all. Mulberroside A and oxyresveratrol show inhibitory activity against induced lipid peroxidation in rat microsomes and free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.7 The DPPH scavenging activity is associated with caffeoylquinic acids in immature white mulberry fruits and anthocyanins in mature white mulberry fruits.22 A white mulberry water extract increased the IC50 of doxorubicin (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner in a study examining the cardioprotective effect of plant extracts.23. BioGanix White Mulberry Leaf Extract is a Natural Antioxidant Rich Herbal Supplement With Big Benefits! The research found the mulberry leaf extract significantly improved postprandial (post-meal) glycemic control among the patients. Kuwanon G: an antibacterial agent from the root bark of Morus alba against oral pathogens. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. The leaves are ovately shaped and may be lobed or unlobed. If the leaf is short and the base is heart-shaped, it is probably a black mulberry leaf. Morus alba – This white mulberry is by far the most common type that’s eaten. View abstract. The fruit is white to pinkish in color, in contrast to red or black in most other Morus species.1, 2, The medicinal use of the leaves, root bark, branches, and fruits of white mulberry is documented in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. White Mulberry Leaf Extract produced by BioGanix contains the following active ingredients: White Mulberry Leaf Extract (Morus Alba) [standardized to 1% alkaloids (1-deoxynojirimycin), 15% flavonoids (quercetin and isoquercetin)]. View abstract. Anti-inflammatory activity is documented for mulberroside A and oxyresveratrol from the root bark of white mulberry in reducing carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats.59 A white mulberry leaf methanol extract and its fractions inhibited inflammatory mediators nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and cytokines in a mouse macrophage cell line.60 White mulberry leaf extracts protected rat organ tissues (eg, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, spleen) against inflammation and peroxidation induced by stress.61 The antioxidant activity was more effective than pure rutin, and the adrenal glands were the primary target organs for antioxidants. Itâs unlikely you will ever see fresh for sale at the grocery store. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. White mulberry is a medium-sized, monoecious, deciduous tree growing to 30 m tall and 1.8 m wide in both temperate and tropical areas. The pollen extract may cause airborne-contact urticaria. White mulberry leaf extracts suppressed gene expression of proinflammatory stimuli in vascular endothelial cells.29 A leaf ethyl acetate extract exhibited dual vasoactive effects on rat aorta.30 Relaxation of the aorta was caused by inhibition of voltage- and receptor-dependent calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells and contraction of the aorta through activation of ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Morus alba L. or white mulberry (family Moraceae) is native to China, where it is known as Sangshu) .Widely cultivated in many countries, the species is a fast-growing shrub or tree of 3–10 m in height, having grey-brown bark that is slightly fissured and exuding whitish latex. Promising research suggests that mulberry leaf ⦠Antioxidant role of mulberry (Morus indica L. cv. Skupien K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Oszmianski J, Tarasiuk J. If you’re trying to manage type 2 diabetes with diet and exercise, and you think you need more blood sugar control, mulberry leaf extract might help. We have white shatoot in northern Pakistan - giant trees and the way we harvest is to have one person climb the tree and 2- 4 people stand below with a stretched out double bed sheet - the person up the tree stamps on a branch and the mulberry rain falls Diabetes 9. 5. This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. View abstract. Mulberry is one of the hardiest trees, requiring very little care. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 21:2018:2091872. doi: 10.1155/2018/2091872. Trimarco V, Izzo R, Stabile E, et al. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. Morus nigra has a thick, substantial leaf, relative to most mulberry cultivars, and their leaf thickness can be used to help identify this favorite species:. © 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. White mulberry leaf contains a sugar blocking compound called DNJ. View abstract. Some neurological diseases, such as Parkinson disease, are associated with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depletion in the brain. The leaves have diaphoretic and emollient properties, and the leaf juice has been used to prevent throat infections and inflammation. Made from the leaves of white mulberry trees, mulberry tea is hailed as a superfood by many health and nutrition experts like Dr. Oz. Mulberry is one of the hardiest trees, requiring very little care. As with jiaogulan, the list of benefits of white mulberry leaf … Mudra M, Ercan-Fang N, Zhong L, et al. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. Clin Chim Acta 2003;338:3-10. Please don’t overdo it. Last updated on Oct 2, 2020. Available for Android and iOS devices. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 2 Feb 2021), Cerner Multum™ (updated 3 Feb 2021), ASHP (updated 29 Jan 2021) and others. White mulberry extract may also help with diabetic complications. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age. White mulberry supplementation as adjuvant treatment of obesity. Mulberry - White Shahtoot. Available at: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_moal.pdf. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. A dose of 1 g of powdered leaf 3 times a day has been used to treat diabetes or high cholesterol. Arthritis 3. Influence of mulberry leaf extract on the blood glucose and breath hydrogen response to ingestion of 75 g sucrose by type 2 diabetic and control subjects. White Mulberry leaf extract not only can help you to reduce your weight and control your blood glucose level but in addition it helps you fighting with the totally free radicals. This feature extends the mulberry leaf uses to possibly being an aid to help stabilize blood sugar levels in diabetics. Mulberry - White Shahtoot. J Agric Food Chem 2018;66(30):7923-34. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01357. Check the #1 Best-Selling Weight Loss Supplement. White mulberry (Morus alba) is a type of tree whose roots, barks, leaves and fruit have contributed to herbal medicine. Chemical constituents (eg, morusin, kuwanon C, sanggenon B and D) from the bark have activity against S. aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, B. subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and mold species. White mulberry is a medium-sized, monoecious, deciduous tree growing to 30 m tall and 1.8 m wide in both temperate and tropical areas. View abstract. A prenylated flavanone, isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of white mulberry root, exerted cytotoxic activity against rat hepatoma cells with an IC50 of 52.8 mg/mL.7 A white mulberry root bark extract exhibited cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting microtubule assembly on K-562, B380 human leukemia cells, and B16 mouse melanoma cells.25 White mulberry leaf extracts inhibited the growth of HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia and multidrug resistance HL60 cells (HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX).26 The anthocyanins from the fruit controlled tumor metastasis and motility of a melanoma murine cancer cell line by (a) inhibiting tumor cell migration, spreading and tissue invasion of tumor cells, (b) inhibiting signaling pathways, and (c) decreasing DNA binding to nuclear factor kappa-B and AP-1.27 Albanol A, from the root bark of white mulberry, induced apoptosis in HL60 cells.28 Albanol A exhibited potent DNA topoisomerase II inhibitory activity (IC50, 22.8 mcM) similar to that of the control etoposide (IC50, 34.5 mcM), which may trigger apoptosis of HL60 cells. White mulberry leaf extract exhibited an antagonistic effect to MCH1 receptor in diet-induced obese mice, resulting in decreased body weight and adiposity, food intake, and hepatic lipid accumulation.63. We also discuss the best brands of morus alba. A mixture of 3 herbs that included white mulberry regulated lipid metabolism, body weight gain, and adipose tissue mass by changing the expression of hepatic target genes in high-fat, diet-induced, obese mice.62 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is involved in feeding and energy metabolism. Chen J, Li X. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from mulberry leaves in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic mice. White Mulberry Leaf Extract Benefits for diabetes is a great choice to help you with your blood sugars and overall general health. In addition to white mulberry leaf extract, this supplement contains several other herbal ingredients designed to support its use: cinnamon, green coffee bean, African mango extract, and Garcinia cambogia. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth and shiny while the underside is light green. Mulberry leaf powder is an up-and-coming superfood, ground from the antioxidant-rich leaves of the white mulberry tree. Thatâs the key. In the 19th century, the white mulberry tree was brought to North America with the intention to boost the silk industry. View abstract. White mulberry (Morus alba) is a type of tree whose roots, barks, leaves and fruit have contributed to herbal medicine. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. Life Sci 2006;78:2724-33. It is best known for its juicy, flavorful fruits. White mulberry (Morus alba), is native to China. Gurukar MSA, Chilkunda ND. Du J, He ZD, Jiang RW, et al. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: Originally native to China, today it’s Turkey which is the largest exporter to the US market, in the form dried fruit. The researchers tested mulberry leaf extract with 76 pre-diabetes patients with blood sugar control problems. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. In cels, it decreased glucose levels by increasing the production of its transporter GLUT4 [20, 21]. In addition to containing a number of vital nutrients and antioxidants, the tea is believed to inhibit the bodys absorption of carbohydrates. El-Beshbishy HA, Singab AN, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Morus alba L. (Egyptian mulberry) root bark fractions supplementation in cholesterol-fed rats. Pure White Mulberry Leaf has been used as a powerful health tonic in Asia for years, helping people maintain healthy blood sugar levels and strong cardiovascular health. Morus alba leaf bioactives modulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ? Why White Mulberry Extract? Twenty-three patients meeting the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III criteria guidelines for dyslipidemia were administered three 280 mg white mulberry leaf tablets 3 times a day before meals over 12 weeks.37 Lipid profiles and liver function tests were performed every 4 weeks. Andallu B, Varadacharyulu NC. At 4 and 8 weeks, triglycerides were reduced 10.2% and 12.5% when compared with baseline. Pure White Mulberry Leaf has been used as a powerful health tonic in Asia for years, helping people maintain healthy blood sugar levels and strong cardiovascular health. It may cause bloating, constipation, gas, and loose stools in some people. It is an inherent to Asia but now it is cultivated worldwide. Anantha) leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. BioGanix White Mulberry Leaf Extract may be the proper product for you. View abstract. View abstract. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information -. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:169-75. What factors influenced or will influence your purchase? The leaves are harvested in autumn and dried for making tea. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and moist, low hillsides. Mulberry tea is the tea which is extracted from the mulberry tree leaves. Dr. Low Dog suggests that you consider taking it before your larger meals of the day. White mulberry is available in numerous dosage forms and is also marketed to maintain healthy blood sugar levels and to support cardiovascular health. View abstract. This isnât carte blanche to binge on sweets and desserts. Each of these leaves has a distorted edge i.e. Morus alba â This white mulberry is by far the most common type thatâs eaten. Arbutin is a hydroquinone that prevents melanin release by containing the tyrosinase enzyme. A polyherbal Chinese medicine that included white mulberry was administered to rats with alcohol-induced fatty acid livers and improved their liver/body weight, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol, liver triglycerides and total cholesterol, and ALT and AST.54, Antibacterial activity is associated with kuwanon C, mulberrofuran G, and albanol B from mulberry leaves with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 5 to 30 mg/mL.2, 7 Chloroform mulberry extracts have antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and acetic acid extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Fitoterapia 2006;77:568-73. 95 ($3.24/Ounce) The name âwhite mulberryâ came about because the first specimens named by European taxonomists were a cultivated mutation prized for their white fruit, but wild trees bear black fruit like other mulberries. A dose of 600 mg/kg/day of 70% white mulberry alcohol bark extract to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats over 10 consecutive days reduced serum glucose by 41% and increased serum insulin by 44%.38 The bark extract may reduce lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in pancreatic beta cells. Mulberry tea is the tea which is extracted from the mulberry tree leaves. View abstract. Updated 2019. Side effects have not been reported in studies; however, not very many studies have been done. If the leaves have rounded teeth on the edges, it is either white or red mulberry; white mulberry leaves are glossy while red ones are less so. 2020;12(1):49. Similar studies of other isolated leaf compounds found antibacterial activity against S. mutans.21 Leachianone G from the root bark showed potent antiviral activity (concentration that inhibits 50% [IC50 ], 1.6 mcg/mL) against herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1).19. Asano N, Yamashita T, Yasuda K, et al. A dose of 1 g of powdered leaf 3 times a day has been used to treat diabetes or high cholesterol. The fruit also contains 1.1% total fat. White Mulberry. White mulberry is the primary species on which silkmoth caterpillars (Bombyx mori) are bred to ⦠The white mulberry leaf contains many anti-inflammatory compounds, including flavonoid antioxidants. As the primary food source for silkworms, the plant is cultivated in many regions of Asia for silk production. Mature trees very often lean at an angle, like the Tower of Pisa, and trunks can even be nearly horizontal. When taken by mouth: White mulberry is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people when the powdered leaf is taken for up to 12 weeks. White Mulberry leaves are 3-4 inches in length. Yu Z, Fong WP, Cheng CH. Avoid use with hypersensitivity to any of the components of white mulberry. White mulberry (Morus alba), is native to China. A small study summarized in a review reported mulberry leaf powder given at 3 g/day for 30 days significantly improved serum cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and HDL in mild type 2 diabetic patients, whereas changes in these lipid parameters were not significantly changed in patients who received glibenclamide (5 mg/day).72 Several mechanisms of action may be involved with the effect of white mulberry leaf tablet therapy on lipid profiles, including (a) regulation of hepatic gene expression involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism; (b) the leaves contains DNJ, which can reduce plasma glucose levels; reduced levels result in decreased fatty acid influx to the liver from adipose tissue, leading to decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels; (c) antiatherosclerotic effects of the leaf flavonoids; (d) the water soluble fiber in white mulberry leaves may lead to decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol.
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