FEATURES• Updated to reflect the most recent iteration of the AP Psychology exam, the app puts highly relevant material right at your fingertips. theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where we are more suggestible and are less aware of certain sensations, theory that hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily, chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and therefore the rest of the body, drugs that mimic neurotransmitters by fitting into receptors sites of a neuron and acting like the neurotransmitters normally would, drugs that block neurotransmitters by fitting into receptor sites on the neuron and preventing natural neurotransmitters from using that receptor site, a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect, intensely uncomfortable symptoms that occur when a user goes without a drug for a period of time, drugs that speed up body processes of the autonomic nervous system, drugs that slow down the autonomic nervous system, drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, cause sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies, drugs that act as agonists for endorphins; powerful painkillers and mood elevators, long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience (not due to developmental changes or biological maturation), the moment a behavior is learned (acquired), the tendency to respond to similar conditioned responses to the original CS, learning the difference between between similar CSs, the association of neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses that then causes a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus, the original stimulus that elicits a response --> something that elicits a natural, reflexive response, the natural, reflexive response caused by the unconditioned stimulus, response generated by the conditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditional stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response, after a conditioned response has been extinguished and the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the conditioned stimulus without further conditioning, conditioning to have a negative response to the conditioned stimulus, using an already conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus in order to condition the same response to a new stimulus, - developing a negative association with a food if you became sick after eating it, type of learning based on the association of consequences with one's behaviors, states that if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence it is likely to continue, and if it is followed by an aversive stimulus it is likely to weaken, a method of operantly conditioning animals, anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur, the addition of something pleasant to encourage a behavior to continue, the removal of something unpleasant to encourage a behavior to continue, anything that makes a behavior less likely, adding an aversive stimulus to encourage a behavior to weaken, the removal of something pleasant to make a behavior less likely, method to reinforce the steps used to reach the desired behavior, teaching subjects to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward, type of reinforcer that is in and of itself rewarding, type of reinforcer that is something we have learned to value and is not inherently rewarding, type of reinforcer that can be traded for virtually anything (money), application of generalized reinforcers used in prisons, mental institutions, and schools where tokens can be traded in for a variety of reinforcers, the idea that the reinforcing properties of something depends on the situation and the individual, the idea that if an already pleasurable behavior is rewarded, that behavior will weaken, reward a behavior every time it is performed, the tendency for behaviors to be more resistant to extinction if the subject has not been reinforced continuously, the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical (natural) patterns of behavior, learning by observation and imitation of a behavioral model, - learning that is displayed only when reinforcement is given for demonstrating it, - when one suddenly realizes the solution to a problem, type of cognitive learning that involves understanding abstract concepts in order to learn, studied insight learning with the rats in a maze experiment, behaviorist that studied aversive conditioning and classical conditioning in the Little Albert study, split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information, type of sensory memory where a split-second photograph of a scene is temporarily in your minds eye, the memories we are currently working with and are aware of in our consciousness, essentially unlimited storage space of memories in the mind, memories of specific events, stored in sequential series of events, general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially, memories of skills and how to perform them, conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember, implicit memories (nondeclarative memories), unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have, model of memory that explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about, getting information out of memory so we can use it, type of retrieval; process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory, type of retrieval; retrieving a memory with an external cue, predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list, demonstrated by our ability to recall the items at the end of a list, - when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list, temporary inability to remember information --> partially explained by the semantic network theory, memory theory that states our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory, creating a web of interconnected memories, a vividly clear memory of emotionally significant moment or event, the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened, the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in a particular states of consciousness, forgetting because we do not use a memory or connections to a memory for a long time, when other information in your memory competes with what you are trying to recall, older information learned previously interfering with the recall of information learned more recently, when learning new information interferes witht he recall of older information, the idea that neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings, leading to long-term memory, the smallest units of sound used in language, the smallest unit of meaningful sound in language, the grammar of a language; how words are used in a particular organized manner, the tendency to combine words with improper syntax in young children, a window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our development will permanently suffer, cognitive rules we apply to stimuli from our environment that allow us to categorize and think about the things we encounter, what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept, a rules that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method, a rule of thumb - a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make a judgement, judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that easily/initially come to mind, judging a situation based on how similar the aspects to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind, our tendency to maintain a belief even in the face of contradictory evidence, the tendency to fall into established thought patterns; using solution or past experience to try and solve novel problems, example of rigidity where people have an inability to see a new use for an object, tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true, the way a problem is presented that can drastically change the way we view our ability to solve it, thinking that searches for multiple possible answers, feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal, revised the Pavlonian model of learning to include more cognitive, circumstantial factors, conducted the Bobo Doll experiments that showcased observational learning, automatic (inborn) behaviors performed in response to specific stimuli, the theory that our behavior is solely motivated by biological needs and resulting drives, a balanced internal state emphasized by the drive-reduction motivation theory, motivation theory that states we seek an optimum level of excitement/arousal, the concept that we perform best with an optimum level of arousal, which varies with different activities and difficulty levels, theory of motivation which states that people have a baseline state that motivates us to perform behaviors that keep us at that baseline, stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning and positive/negative associations, predicts which needs we will be motivated to satisfy first, part of the hypothalamus that causes an animal to stop eating, describes how the hypothalamus controls our hunger and metabolic rate, eating disorder characterized by eating large amounts of food in a short period of time (binging) and then getting rid of the food (purging), eating disorder characterized by starving oneself and refusing to eat because of an obsession with weight, eating disorder characterized by a BMI over 30 (being severely overweight), theory that explains why some are constantly motivated to challenge themselves, master complex tasks, reach personal goals, and figure out the world, motivation to reach a goal based on the external rewards (money, prizes, recognition, etc), motivation to reach a goal based on your personal, internal drive to succeed or want for enjoyment and satisfaction, conflict that occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes, conflict that occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes, conflict that occurs when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features, conflicts in which you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features, theory of emotion that stated we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress, theory of emotion that theorized the biological change and the cognitive awareness of an emotional state occurs simultaneously, theory of emotion that demonstrates how emotion depends on the interaction between two factors: biology and cognition, describes the general response animals (including humans) have to a stressful event, psychologists that study how our behaviors and thoughts change over our entire lives (from birth to death), debate evaluating the influences of genetic factors and environmental factors on development, type of research common in developmental psychology that uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over the life span, type of research common in developmental psychology that examines one group of participants over time, certain chemicals or agents that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted by a pregnant mother, displayed by children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy, small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability are symptoms, specific, inborn automatic responses to certain specific stimuli, all human children follow the same basic motor skills in the same sequence (though the timing of each one may differ from person to person), reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child, - research conducted with baby monkeys that displayed the importance of physical comfort in establishing a secure attachment, - research conducted with babies and their parents to show the different types of attachment, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants confidently explored their novel environment while the parents were present, were mildly distressed when they left, and were glad when their parent's returned, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants who resisted being held by the parents and explored the novel environment, and did not go to their parents for comfort when they returned, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants who had ambivalent reactions to their parents, showing extreme stress when the parents leave but resisting comfort once they return, parenting style with low warmth and high control, parenting style with high warmth and low control, parenting style with high warmth and high control, the debate evaluating if we develop continually, at a steady rate from birth to death, or discontinuously, with some periods of rapid development and relatively little development, - 1st stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 2nd stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 3rd stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 4th stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 5th stage of Freud's psychosexual model, Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory, neo-Freudian developmental theory with 8 stages emphasizing the influence of our experience with others, - stage of the psychosocial developmental theory, Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, famous 4-stage theory describing how children think about and evaluate the world in similar ways throughout their development, mental representation of how we expect the world to be, incorporating new experiences into existing schemata, changing schemata to fit new information in, - stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, major challenge of the sensorimotor stage, inability of children in the preoperational stage to see the world from anyone's perspective but their own, the realization that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change (volume, area, and number), the ability to think about the way we think; trace our thought processes and evaluate the effectiveness of how we solved a problem, Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory, stage theory that studies the development of morality and how the ability to reason about ethical situations changes over life, - stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, researched parent-child interactions and developed the parenting style scales evaluating combinations of warmth and control, emphasized the concept of "zone of proximal development" with which parents/teachers can extend a child's development through "scaffolding", the idea that we internalize messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave --> influences the developmental differences between boys and girls, the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person, the region of the mind Freud believed controlled much of people's behavior, - 1 of 3 parts of Freud's personality theory, defense mechanism where people emulate and attach themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them, methods that the ego uses to reduce anxiety and protect the conscious mind from thoughts that are too painful, defense mechanism that involves not accepting the ego-threatening truth, defense mechanism that involves redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object, often to people less threatening than the source of emotion, defense mechanism that involves believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself, defense mechanism that involves expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, defense mechanism that involves returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior, defense mechanism that involves coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence, defense mechanism that involves undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic, defense mechanism that involves channeling one's frustration toward a different goal --> considered healthy and constructive, an unconscious that Carl Jung believed was passed down through the species and explains certain similarities we see between cultures, universal concepts we all share as part of the human species (example: shadow, hero, etc.) Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Start a free trial of Quizlet Plus by Thanksgiving | Lock in 50% off all year Try it free. All questions from the chapter 1 test over the introduction and history of psychology from AP psychology, vocab included. Personality. To ensure the best experience, please update your browser. Psychology. Personality. The developer will be required to provide privacy details when they submit their next app update. • Organized according to the 14 categories of the AP Psychology exam - History & Approaches, Methods, Biological Bases of Behavior, Sensation & Perception, States of Consciousness, Learning, Cognition, Motivation & Emotion, Developmental Psychology, Personality, Testing & Individual Differences, Abnormal Psychology, Treatment of Psychological Disorders and Social Psychology - the app provides a comprehensive review. Start studying Barrons AP Psychology Flashcards. B) psychology focuses on mental disorder. - set up the first psychology lab in Germany, the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations, - published Principles of Psychology (the first psych textbook), - old school of psychology that studied how the brain's structures identified function in our lives, a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines (partly) how we think and behave, the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tensions that our conscious mind cannot deal with them, environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses, environmental events that trigger a response, - fifth and final wave of psychological thought, Social-cultural (sociocultural) perspective, the tendency to think (after hearing some information) to think that you knew it all along, research with clear, practical applications, research that explores questions of interest without immediate real-world applications, a TESTABLE statement that expresses a relationship between two variables, the variable of an experiment being manipulated, - the variable that changes based on the independent variable, a ______________ aims to explain a phenomenon with a set of testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting supporting data, - an explanation of how a variable will be defined and measured, an experiment has ________ when it measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate, an experiment has __________ when it can be replicated; it is consistent, the process by which participants of an experiment are selected, the group of participants of an experiment, the __________ includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample, when a sample group is representative of the population --> if it has been randomly selected, the process of selecting a sample from a population that ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, - additional action taken to increase the likelihood that a sample is representative, research method that is carefully controlled so it can show a causal relationship, experiments conducted in a lab (highly controlled environment, less realistic), experiments conducted out in the real world; less controlled, more realistic, and difference between the experimental and control conditions (except for the independent variable) that might affect the dependent variable, means that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into the control and experimental groups, efforts to limit situation-relevant and participant-relevant confounding variables, used to ensure that the experimental and control groups are equivalent on some criterion, - a kind of situation-relevant confounding variable, when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned, the tendency for subjects of an experiment to behave in certain ways, a type of response bias in which subjects tend to give answers that reflect well on themselves, the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed, method of control in which the control group is given an inert and identical substance, expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause, - involves asking people to fill out surveys, research method in which researchers observe their participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all; sacrifices control for realistic and rich description of participant behavior, research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant; findings cannot be generalized to a larger population, statistics that simply describe a set of data, - attempt to mark the center of a distribution, values of data that can distort the mean and skew distributions, when a set of scores contains more low scores than high scores and the and the mean is higher than the median, when a set of scores contains more high scores than low scores and the mean is lower than the median, - statistical measures that depict the diversity of a distribution, measure of the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviations, - computation showing the strength of a correlation, as opposed to descriptive statistics; used to determine if findings can be applied to the larger population, the extent to which the sample differs from the population, value that gives the probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance, p value of less than 0.05 --> a 5% chance that that the results occurred by chance, - the board to which any type of academic research must first propose the study, the study of the parts and functions of the neurons, individual nerve cell; entirely make up the nervous system, rootlike parts of the cell that stretch out from the cell body; grow to make synaptic connections with other neurons, part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other parts necessary to cell function, part of a neuron; wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the soma, part of a neuron; a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses like insulation on electrical wire, part of a neuron; the branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters and connects through the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron, chemicals contained in the terminal buttons of a neuron that enable neurons to communicate; fit into receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron like a key in a lock, part of a neuron; the space between the terminal buttons of one neuro and the dendrites of the next neuron; where neurotransmitters move from cell to cell, places on the dendrites of a receiving neuron that take in the neurotransmitters of the sending neuron, the amount of stimulation it takes the action potential to be triggered in a neuron, - when an electric signal is fired down the neuron, the principle that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all, similar to a bullet in a gun, neurotransmitters that excite the next cell into firing - build up to cross the threshold and trigger action potential, neurotransmitters that inhibit the next cell from firing - stop action potential from moving to the next neuron cell, the neurons that take sensory information to the brain, the neurons that take the messages from the brain or spinal cord and send them elsewhere to the brain or to different neurons, neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body, body structure of the CNS made up of all the nerves housed within the bones of the skull and vertebrae that transmits information from the rest of the body to the brain, consists of all of the nerves in your body besides those of the brain and spinal cord, the part of the PNS that controls voluntary muscle movements --> the motor cortex of the brain sends impulses to muscles allowing us to move, the part of the PNS that controls the automatic, unconscious functions of the body; controls responses to stress through the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes our body to respond to stress, part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing down our body after a stress response, the removal or destruction of brain tissue, computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan), - consists of the brain structures in the top part of the spinal cord, brain structure involved in the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing, brain structure that serves as a message station between the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, - part of the brain between the forebrain and hindbrain, structure of the midbrain that controls general bodily arousal and the ability to focus attention, - thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, lobes, part of the forebrain responsible for receiving the sensory signals coming up the spinal cord and sending them to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain, part of the forebrain that controls several metabolic functions, part of the forebrain vital to the experiences of emotion (particularly fear), area of the forebrain responsible for encoding memories, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, - thin grey wrinkled surface of the brain covering all other higher structures.